Problems

On the following pages a compilation of problems based on the text of each chapter is given.

Chapter I—Names And Terms; Types And Rigs Of Boats

1. Define the following terms (or draw a sketch placing each in its proper location).
1. Bow.
2. Stern.
3. Port.
4. Starboard.
5. Dead Ahead.
6. Astern.
7. Broad on the starboard bow.
8. On the starboard beam.
9. Two points abaft starboard beam.
10. Broad on starboard quarter.
11. One point on starboard quarter.
2. Sketch a sloop rig, name the sails and identify the following parts of the sails.
1. Head.
2. Luff.
3. Tack.
4. Clew.
5. Leach.
6. Foot.
3. Sketch the following types of sailing craft.
1. Cat boat.
2. Yawl.
3. Ketch.
4. Cutter.
5. Knockabout.
6. Staysail schooner.
7. Bald-headed schooner.
4. Indicate on a sketch of the cross section of a motorboat the following:
1. Deck.
2. Sheer strake.
3. Planking.
4. Frame.
5. Ceiling.
6. Garboard strake.
7. Seam .
8. Keel.
9. Floor timber.
10. Draft.
11. Freeboard.
5. Change the following sentences to correct nautical terminology:

1. My boat has a speed of 10 knots per hour.
2. The distance between the 2 buoys is 12 knots.
3. He went down stairs into the kitchen.
4. I tied up my boat to the dock.
5. I threw the front rope ashore.
6. He came on my boat from the dinghy.
7. Pack your clothes in the closet.
8. Tie that line to the cleat!
9. Let out the dinghy painter!
10. The mooring line is tangled, please untangle it.
11. Look at the map and tell me how deep is the water.
12. The anchor line has broken.
13. The chart has fallen into the water.
14. He hit the dock and broke a hole in the side of the boat.
15. Wash down the decks!
16. Stop to see if the vessel requires assistance.
17. The wind backed from East to South through Southeast.
18. The boat's forecastle is near the stern.
19. The garboard strake is farthest from the keel.
20. The boat's quarter is near the bow.
21. On the ways the boat is propped up with two by fours.
22. I tied the mainsheet to the cleat.
23. A sudden gust upset my boat.
24. My boat lists by the bow.
25. Hitting the rock caused my boat to have water come into her.
26. The main halyards broke so I tied the two ends together.
27. I tightened up on the stay which leads from the mast to the stern.
28. My boat had such a weather helm that she came into the wind with difficulty.
29. With so little sail on her my boat labored.
30. The pulley in the block jammed.
31. A safe place to anchor is off a lee shore.
32. The water became shoal and we hit the bottom.
33. The vessel returning from a long cruise is probably well found.
34. When the wind backs from south toward west it is often a bad sign.
35. The bowsprit on the cutter broke and went into the water.
36. The weather side is the low side when sailing close hauled.
37. When a ship fills with water it is time to abandon her.
38. Davits are used to hoist and lower the sails.
39. A bald-headed schooner has topmasts.
40. When one sails downwind and he wishes to get the sail on the other side of the boat, he generally comes about.
41. Ropes are in universal use aboard boats.
42. A monkey fist makes lines hard to cast.
43. Lines frayed at the ends should be knotted.
44. The anchor line went overboard because its inner end was not tied.
45. The best bower is used most frequently for anchoring.
46. For a permanent mooring at a club anchorage you should use a grapnel.
47. Spring tides are those that take place in the Spring.
48. Right rudder and starboard helm have the same meaning.
49. A degree of longitude near New York has a length of about one statute mile.
50. Dead Reckoning means counting the dead after a battle.
51. The voyage from New York to England was uneventful.
52. The variation of the compass is generally its principal error.
53. Arming the lead means preparing for battle.
54. A fix refers to repairing the engine.
55. He layed his course on a map of Long Island Sound.
56. The direction of the lighthouse is east.
57. He took his departure from his friends on the dock who came to see him off.
58. Hard a lee is the command to heave the anchor.
59. When sailing close-hauled and the boom is on the starboard side, the boat is on the starboard tack.
60. Point her up, is the command when it is desired to change one's course from close-hauled to a reach.

Chapter II—Knots, Bends, Hitches, Splices

1. Name four of the most useful knots.
2. What knot or bend is used for bending lines together for towing purposes?
3. What knot forms a loop that will not slip?
4. What knot is used to bend together lines of the same diameter?
5. How is a line made fast to a bitt?
6. Should the anchor rode be shortened by making fast over an old set of
1. turns ?
7. Should more than one line be made fast to a bitt at one time?
8. Should half hitches be used after making fast to a cleat?
9. How should a new line be uncoiled?
10. What is a good method of taking the kinks out of a new line?
11. What precautions should be taken with a wet line before stowing?
12. What is the purpose of whipping?
13. Describe the proper method of making fast to a cleat.
14. Describe coiling down.
15. Describe faking down.
16. Describe flemishing down.
17. Define worming.
18. Describe parceling.
19. Describe serving.

Chapter III—Government Regulations And Boat Equipment

1. Are motor yachts required to carry any licensed officers?
2. Are sailing yachts without motors required to carry any specified equipment?
3. Are sailing yachts with motors required to carry any specified equipment?
4. Are motor boats required to carry any specified equipment?
5. What motor boats fall in Class A?
6. What motor boats fall in Class 1?
7. What motor boats fall in Class 2?
8. What motor boats fall in Class 3?
9. What Government equipment is to be carried on Class A?
10. Does Class 1 equipment differ from Class A?
11. What equipment is required by law for Classes 2 and 3?
12. Will an ordinary mouth whistle pass Government inspection as the whistle required on a motor boat?
13. Will the various forms of electric horns pass Government requirements for the whistle specified for motor boats?
14. Will a buoyant cushion pass as a life preserver on motor boats not carrying passengers for hire?
15. Does a dinghy pass as life-saving equipment?
16. Will foghorns pass Government requirements for the whistle specified for motor boats?
17. Motor boats of what size (not carrying passengers for hire) may be documented?
18. Must the boat's name and hailing port be painted or otherwise attached to a documented boat?
19. Is a motor boat at anchor required to have Government equipment on board?
20. Does the Government require any of the following equipment to be carried on board; an anchor, a compass, an anchor line, a pump, a dinghy, provisions, etc.?
21. What motor boats are required to be numbered?
22. What undocumented vessels are not required to be numbered?
23. What equipment in addition to that required by law do you think is essential to be carried aboard the average motor boat?
24. Are motor or sailing vessels of 16 tons or more required to be documented ?
25. What special war time regulations are in effect governing the use of motor and sail craft?

Chapter IV—Rules Of The Road, Rights Of Way

1. What are the objects of the rules of the road?
2. When do the rules of the road apply?
3. When is a boat under way?
4. To what type of boats or vessels do the rules apply?
5. If there is doubt as to whether the rules apply in any particular case, should you consider that they do?
6. What is the boat called which has the right of way?
7. What is the boat called which does not have the right of way?
8. What is the duty of the right-of-way boat?
9. What is the duty of the burdened vessel?
10. Is a departure from the rules ever allowed?
11. What is your idea about the proper speed of motor boats?
12. When should whistle signals be given?
13. When should whistle signals not be given?
14. What should passing signals be given on?
15. When is a signal of one blast given?
16. When is a signal of two blasts given?
17. When is a signal of three blasts given?
18. When is a signal of four blasts given?
19. What do you do if you do not understand a whistle signal?
20. What is a cross signal?
21. What do you do if a cross signal is given?
22. Are a vessel's rights altered by whistle signals?
23. What whistle signals and action are proper for boats:
1. Meeting head-on?
2. Meeting obliquely?
3. Courses in opposite direction but parallel.
4. Courses in same direction but parallel.
5. Overtaking?
6. Both crossing and overtaking?
7. Boat backing?
8. Boat coming out of slip?
24. What is one's duty in case of collision?
25. What is the danger zone—where is it—what should a boat do that 19 in your danger zone?
26. Explain the rights of way of sailing craft.

Chapter V—Lights For Vessels

1. How would a 25 foot auxiliary, under sail alone, be lighted?
2. How would a 25 foot sail boat (no engine) under sail be lighted?
3. How would a 25 foot motor boat be lighted?
4. How would a 16 foot sail boat on Long Island Sound be lighted?
5. If you see the red side light in your danger zone, what do you know and what action do you take?
6. If you see the green side light (but not the red) of an approaching motor vessel, what do you know and what do you do?
7. Through or around how many points may the following lights on vessels show? (a) White light, (b) Red light, (c) Green light.
8. Should the red and green sidelights be visible across the bow? Are they?
9. If at sea you saw one white light (and no other light), what might it be?
10. If you should see two red lights vertically arranged (and no other lights), what might it be?
11. If you saw two white lights horizontally arranged (and no other lights), what might it be?
12. If at sea you saw two lights (vertical, horizontal or otherwise) and one red and one green light, what might it be?
13. If at sea you saw one red and one green light (without white lights), what might it be?
14. If you should see a red over a white light, but no red and green sidelights, what might it be?
15. What lights are carried by motor vessels?
16. What does the law say about the visibility of lights?
17. What precautions must a vessel take which is not required to show a light visible from astern?
18. How do the lights on ocean and inland steamers differ?
19. How should the aft range light (32 point) on a motor boat always be placed relative to the bow light?
20. When a red side light on a vessel is visible showing toward your red light, what do you know about the other boat's course and what action do you take?
21. When the red side light of a vessel underway is visible showing toward your green light, what do you know about the other boat's course and what action do you take?
22. When both red and green sidelights are visible, what is your action?
23. When a side light is visible on your starboard bow and the upper (range) white light is to the right of the lower white light, what does it indicate to you and what is your action?
24. When a sidelight is visible on your port side and the upper white (range) light is to the right of the lower white light, what does it indicate and what is your action?
25. When both green and red lights are visible ahead and the two white lights are separating more and more from the vertical, what does it signify and what is your action?
26. Between what hours are lights carried?

Chapter VI—Buoys And Lighthouses

1. Should it be taken for granted that buoys are always where they should be, or where the chart shows they are located?
2. How may spar buoys be colored?
3. How may can buoys be colored ?
4. How may nun buoys be colored?
5. How are red buoys numbered?
6. How are black buoys numbered?
7. Are buoys painted red and black numbered?
8. Are buoys painted black and white numbered?
9. What colors are used on an obstruction buoy?
10. What colors are used on a mid-channel buoy?
11. On which side are red buoys left when entering a port or harbor?
12. On which side are red buoys left on leaving a port or harbor?
13. On which side are black buoys left when entering a port or harbor?
14. Do you pass close to or far away from a buoy colored with black and white vertical stripes?
15. Do you pass close to or far away from a buoy colored with red and black horizontal stripes?
16. When off shore, going from Maine toward Florida on which side do you pass red buoys?
17. If on the chart you saw a buoy marked S4, what kind and color of a buoy would you look for and on which side would you pass it when entering a harbor?
18. If on the chart you saw a buoy marked N6, what kind and color of a buoy would you look for and on which side would you pass it when leaving a harbor?
19. If on the chart you saw a buoy marked C5, what kind and color of a buoy would you look for and on which side would you pass it when at sea, running from Cape Hatteras to Cape Charles?
20. Describe the light characteristics of an occulting light buoy?
21. Describe the light characteristics of a flashing light buoy.
22. A buoy on the Hudson River is marked FL. G. ev. 3 sec. Describe this light.
23. If you are in doubt on which side a buoy should be passed, how do you determine it?
24. What Government publication gives you complete information about all buoys?
25. Describe a fixed light.
26. Describe a flashing light.
27. Describe fixed and flashing light.
28. What is an alternating light?
29. The Light List describes New London Ledge light as follows: Gp. Fl. W. Alt. R; Fl. 30 sec; 3 W·, 1R, flashes. Tell briefly in your own language how this light would appear to you.
30. If a fixed white light suddenly became visible ahead of you, how would you determine whether it was a vessel's light or a government light house ?

Chapter VII—Anchors And Anchoring

1. How many anchors should a 45-foot motorboat carry?
2. What weights of anchors should a 45-foot motorboat carry?
3. Is chain preferable to line on a 45 footer?
4. How is an anchor rode bent to the anchor?
5. What are the rules about scope?
6. Name the parts of an ordinary ketch anchor.
7. What is the use of a trip line?
8. What should be done with the bitter end of the anchor rode?
9. What is a sea-anchor?
10. Assuming you desire to pick up a mooring on the Hudson River with the tide flowing ebb and your boat coming down the river, describe how you would do it.
11. If you should desire to come to anchor in a southerly wind, which way should your boat be heading before throwing over your anchor (assumeing no current) ?
12. If your anchor became fast in rocks or other obstruction on the bottom so that you could not readily haul it on board, what action would you take?

Chapter VIII—Charts

1. Name the principal projections used in making charts.
2. Name the four series of charts.
3. What special caution should be observed when using charts?
4. What is the purpose of the compass rose printed on charts?
5. What characteristics of the bottom are shown on charts?
6. What characteristics of the land are shown on charts?
7. Name the three methods of showing depths of water on a chart.
8. How would one know whether the figures on charts indicating depths mean fathoms, feet and fathoms or feet?
9. What is a ten fathom curve?
10. Do the figures shown on charts indicate depths at high or low water?
11. Is the water ever shallower than indicated on the chart?
12. How does one determine for any particular time and place whether the water is likely to be shallower than indicated on the chart?
13. Can a general coastwise chart be safely used for inshore navigation?
14. How does one know there is published a chart of any particular locality?
15. How does one know the number of the chart of a particular locality?
16. What branch of our Government publishes the charts of coastwise waters ?
17. What branch of our Government publishes the charts of the Great
1. Lakes and St. Lawrence River?
18. If the principal characteristics of a light are not given on a chart, how does one determine same?
19. How should one determine the day appearance of a lighthouse shown on the chart?
20. What does the direction of an arrow shown on the chart indicate?
21. What does an arrow with tail feathers indicate?
22. How does one tell whether certain figures printed on the chart indicate depth of water or the number of a buoy?
23. Give the meaning of the following marks shown on a chart:
1. Rky.
2. Hrd.
3. Bu M, brk, Sh.
4. Stk.
5. Sft.
24. What is the method of indicating on the chart the following qualitiei of the bottom:
1. Mud
2. Shells
3. Gravel
4. Specks
5. Pebbles
6. Sand
25. Which chart shows the direction of prevailing winds between New York and Bermuda?

Chapter IX—The Compass

1. How should a compass be placed on a boat in reference to the keel line?
2. Does the North Pole of the compass point towards magnetic north or geographic north?
3. What liquid is used in the compass?
4. What is the object of the liquid used in the compass?
5. Into how many points is the compass card divided?
6. Into how many degrees is the compass card divided?
7. How many degrees in one point?
8. Name the cardinal points.
9. Name the intercardinal points.
10. Name the points which may be designated according to old and new methods.
11. Give the two methods of naming by degrees the following points: NE
12. SE
13. SW
14. W
15. NW
16. Name all the four point courses.
17. Name the reverse course of SW x W 4 W.
18. Name the reverse course of 315°.

Chapter X—Compass Errors

1. What is variation?
2. What is deviation?
3. How do you determine the amount of variation for a particular locality?
4. Describe briefly one method of determining the deviation of a compass.
5. What is a true course?
6. What is a magnetic course?
7. What is a compass course?
8. What is meant by easterly variation?
9. What is meant by easterly deviation?
10. If the variation at Portland, Me., is 15° westerly, is it necessarily the same at New York City?
11. If the deviation on a particular boat is one point westerly when sailing NE, will it likely be the same when heading SE?
12. Explain the formula or rule "C E E C"
13. Express the formula CEEC:
1. To find a true course from a magnetic with westerly variation.
2. To find a magnetic course from a compass course with westerly deviation.
3. To find a magnetic course from a true course with easterly variation.
4. To find a compass course from a magnetic course with easterly deviation.
5. To find a magnetic course from a true course with westerly variation.
14. If you have a westerly deviation, do you steer to the right or left of the magnetic course by your compass?
15. When sailing In localities where the variation is westerly with zero deviation, do you steer to the right or left of the true course?
16. What is the net error which must be accounted for to convert a true course to a compass course with two points westerly variation and one point easterly deviation?
17. What is the net error which must be accounted for to convert a true course to a compass course with two points westerly variation and ½ point westerly deviation?

Chapter XI—Steering

1. Is the rudder as effective when the boat is going astern as it is when going ahead?
2. With rudder hard right, right hand screw, when starting to back, will the boat generally back to starboard or port?
3. In maneuvering a twin screw boat, how is the rudder used?
4. In turning, does the bow or stern swing the greater amount?
5. Does speed effect the diameter of a turning circle of a single screw cruiser?
6. If a boat is drifting with no wind or current, will the rudder have any effect on the boat's course?
7. What is the effect on a boat's speed by putting the rudder hard over?
8. Under ordinary conditions with no wind or current, is it preferable to land with the boat's port or starboard side to the float?
9. In turning around in a narrow canal where it is not possible to make a complete turn in one swing, is it better to turn to port or starboard ?
10. Describe the principal operations when leaving one's mooring.
11. Describe the principal operations when picking up one's mooring.
12. What is the important thing to remember about the dinghy painter when leaving or picking up a mooring or landing at a float?
13. How should the wind and current be taken advantage of when landing or leaving a float?

Chapter XII—Small Boat Handling

1. As a general rule, which way does the bow tend to swing due to the action of the propeller?
2. When it is necessary to back in restricted quarters, is it better to plan to back so that the bow will swing to port or to starboard?

*In questions Nos. 3-10, it is assumed that the offshore side of a boat bears north-south and is the easterly side of the float. The inshore or westerly side is inaccessible.
The two ends, bearing east-west are accessible.

3. A raised deck cruiser is made fast to a float and is heading due north, the wind is blowing from the north, turning quarters are limited, but the course which the boat is to take is due south. Describe the best method to get away from the float and get on one's course.
4. A raised deck cruiser is made fast to a float and is heading due north, the wind is blowing from the northeast, turning quarters are limited but the course which the boat is to take is due south. Describe the best method to get away from the float and get on one's course.
5. A raised deck cruiser is made fast to a float and is heading due north, the wind is blowing from the east, turning quarters are limited but the course which the boat is to take is due south. Describe the best method to get away from the float and get on one's course.
6. A raised deck cruiser is made fast to a float and is heading due north, the wind is blowing from the southeast, turning quarters are limited but the course which the boat is to take is due south. Describe the best method to get away from the float and get on one's course.
7. A raised deck cruiser is made fast to a float and is heading due north, the wind is blowing from the south, turning quarters are limited but the course which the boat is to take is due south. Describe the best method to get away from the float and get on one's course.
8. A raised deck cruiser is made fast to a float and is heading due north, the wind is blowing from the southwest, turning quarters are limited but the course which the boat is to take is due south. Describe the best method to get away from the float and get on one's course.
9. A raised deck cruiser is made fast to a float and is heading due north, the wind is blowing from the west, turning quarters are limited but the course which the boat is to take is due south. Describe the best method to get away from the float and get on one's course.
10. A raised deck cruiser is made fast to a float and is heading due north, the wind is blowing from the northwest, turning quarters are limited but the course which the boat is to take is due south. Describe the best method to get away from the float and get on one's course.

Chapter XIII—Boat Handling Under Various Sea Conditions

1. What are some of the indications that a boat is getting into shallow water?
2. What caution should be observed when crossing a reef or bar?
3. When approaching too close to a beach, what are some of the water indications?
4. What are ride rips?
5. Describe how it is best to handle one's boat
1. Against a head sea
2. In a beam sea
3. In a following sea
6. How may the presence of rocks and sand be determined?
7. In running along a lee shore what caution should be observed and what action taken?

Chapter XIV—Seamanship Hints

1. What is important concerning speed in a seaway?
2. If you are at sea in heavy weather and wish to relieve the strain on your boat, indicate in order of their importance (to relieve strain) the following maneuvers:
1. Head directly in head sea at slow speed.
2. Taking the sea on bow at slow speed.
3. Taking the sea on the quarter at slow speed.
4. Taking the sea on the beam.
5. Stopping the engine.
6. Running before the sea at high speed.
7. Running before the sea at slow speed.
3. State precautions which should be taken with heavy weather coming on.
4. Describe the sea anchor and how it is used.
5. How should a dinghy be towed.
6. How should another boat which is in need of a tow be approached in order to pass a tow line.
7. Discuss the maneuverability of towing another boat.
8. What is a safe rule to follow as to where to make a tow line fast to a boat when attempting to make a strong pull on a tow line.
9. What precautions should be taken when swimming from a boat?
10. Describe Hove-to.
11. In entering an inlet from the open sea what caution should be observed and what action should be taken?

Chapter XV—Sailing—In Theory

1. Briefly describe the following rigs:
1. Lateen
2. Square
3. Gaff
4. Jib-headed
2. Is heel an advantage or disadvantage?
3. How is stability obtained?
4. What is leeway?
5. Name the two principal methods of construction to overcome leeway.
6. How can a sailing craft reach an objective dead to windward?
7. What is:
1. Center of effort.
2. Center of lateral plane.
3. Lead.
8. How does the skipper overcome the condition:
1. When CLP is too far aft.
2. When CLP is too far forward.
9. As a boat heels how does the CLP move:
10. As a boat heels how does the CE move?
11. Should the CE be located forward or aft of the CLP?
12. Why is it generally a good thing for a boat to have a little weather helm?

Chapter XVI—Boat Handling In Fog

1. What are the basic things to remember about fog and fog signals?
2. If you were heading into the wind and should hear 2 blasts on the fog horn ahead of you, what type of boat would you know was crossing your bow and from what direction?
3. In the fog if you heard the rapid ringing of a bell, what would it indicate to you?
4. On the coastwise waters in the fog if you heard 1 blast of a whistle, what would it indicate to you and what would be your action?
5. On the Great Lakes in a fog if you heard a siren, what would it indicate to you and what would be your action?
6. In a fog if you heard 1 long blast followed by 2 short blasts on a whistle, what would it indicate to you and what would be your action?
7. In a fog, on coastal waters, if you heard 1 long blast followed by 2 short blasts on a fog horn, what would it indicate to you and what would be your action?
8. May a motor boat use a fog horn?
9. What caution ought always to be remembered about fog signals in reference to the carrying power and direction of sound in a fog?
10. Should you assume that a fog signal is not being sounded or that you are not near a danger if you do not hear the fog signal?

Chapter XVII—Piloting Instruments

1. What navigating instruments should be carried aboard a small cruiser?
2. How is the depth corresponding to two fathoms marked on the lead line?
3. How is the depth corresponding to three fathoms marked on the lead line?
4. How is the depth corresponding to five fathoms marked on the lead line?
5. How is the depth corresponding to seven fathoms marked on the lead line?
6. How is the depth corresponding to ten fathoms marked on the lead line?
7. What depths are indicated by three strips of leather?
8. What depth is indicated by two knots?
9. What depths are indicated by one knot?
10. What is meant by "marks"?
11. What is meant by "deeps"?
12. What is meant by "arming the lead"?
13. Does the patent log indicate distances in Statute or Nautical miles?
14. A patent log shows the following readings: 10 A.M. 2.75, 10.30 A.M. 5.25. What is the speed of the boat?
15. What conditions are likely to cause patent logs to give inaccurate readings?
16. What is a chronometer?
17. Explain how to use an ordinary course protractor.
18. From what publication, do you find the time of high water at Sandy Hook?
19. From what publication would you find the characteristics of Execution Light?
20. The fog signal characteristics.
21. If you wanted to find out whether supplies could be had at Port Washington, where would you find it?

Chapter XVIII—Simple Piloting

1. Define piloting.
2. Define laying a course.
3. Name 3 methods of getting a fix.
4. Describe getting a fix by cross bearings.
5. A light bears 4 points off bow at 10 A.M. and is abeam at 10.45 A.M. Speed of boat 12 miles an hour. How far off is light at 10.45 A.M.?
6. Course SE, bearing of light at 8 P.M. East, at 9 P.M. North East, speed of boat 10 miles an hour. How far off is the light at 9 P.M.?
7. Course E bearing of light ENE at 8 P.M., North East at 8.30 P. M. Speed of boat 10 miles an hour. What is distance from light at 8.30 P.M.?
8. In question No. 3 how far off is light when abeam?
9. In question No. 3 what time will light be abeam?
10. An object 2½ points off bow at noon and abeam at 1.30 P.M. Speed of boat 8 knots. How far off is object when abeam?
11. Object is 6 points off bow at noon, log reads 10.5, is abeam at 12.30 P.M. with log reading of 15.5. How far off is object at 12.30?
12. In question No. 7 what is the speed of the boat?

Chapter XIX—Signaling

1. International Code Flags
2. What does a set of signal flags consist of?
3. Into what letter groups are the code flags arranged?
4. How are positions in Latitude and Longitude signaled by flags?
5. How is position to be signaled when a Latitude is close to the Equator or Longitude close to the Meridian?
6. How would you signal a Longitude group more than 99 degrees?
7. How are bearings to be signaled?
8. Are bearings to be signaled as True or Magnetic?
9. How would you signal Time?
10. How would you signal the exact time for comparison of chronometers, clocks, watches, etc.?
11. How would you signal numbers by pennants?
12. How would you indicate a decimal point between numeral pennants?
13. As a rule how many hoists should be shown at a time?
14. When several hoists are displayed simultaneously, in what order are they to be read?
15. What flag means "yes" in the International code?
16. What flag means "no"?
17. What is the International Flag Signal of distress?
18. What is meant by a "tackline"?
19. What are the repeaters used for?
20. Which flag in the hoist does the first repeater repeat?
21. How are proper names sent by flag hoist?
22. What would Code over "E" mean?
23. What would Code flag over "G" mean ?
24. Explain the use of the model verb.
25. To transmit the words "We will not be able" what would you look up first?
26. What do the words "Encode" and Decode" mean?
27. How can you tell whether a four flag hoist is a geographical name of a place or a ship's call?
28. What flags do U. S. ship's call begin with?
29. What is the difference as to whether a ship's signal letters precede or follow signals?
30. What signal flag is used to call shore stations?
31. How are positions sent by flags?
32. How do you call a ship if it is the only one in sight?
33. How would you signal to one vessel of a group?
34. How do you answer signals?
35. What if you do not understand the signal?
36. How do you end a message?
37. What does a warship do, when she wishes to communicate with a merchant vessel?
38. How are commands or orders made plain?
39. How do you tell whether a word is to be regarded as singular or plural?

2. Practice Sentences—Semaphore and Blinker Light
1. The lazy horse gave a quick jerk which broke an axle and hurled the farmer on his head.
2. He was puzzled to know how to coax the brave juggler to some quiet spot away from the platform.
3. One of the boys quickly threw the large javelin beyond the maximum distance and won the prize.
4. The zealous student became quite exhausted and dizzy before the journey was half over.
5. The jury quickly agreed upon a verdict and all expect the musical zealot will be given a heavy fine.
6. In consequence of his love of luxury the wealthy jeweler did not join in the craze to climb the high mountain peaks.
7. Four jovial sailors went to the quizzical captain on the deck and asked him to give them leave of absence for sixty days.
8. Few men could be more jolly than our new acquaintance until he saw his clerk puzzling over the columns of the stock exchange.
9. All the expense of publishing the jokes in the columns of the daily press were borne by the queer old man whose zeal has never flagged.
10. Many unjust laws allow bold knaves to exist in high places and acquire great influence with which they dazzle the eyes of the people.
11. The poor cabman many times expressed his thanks to the judge for his kindness and said he would return with the zebra as soon as his quest was over.
12. He was at the zenith of his power when the officials began making an inquiry in regard to his prejudice against the single tax movement.
13. Next day they were all equally amazed to see the grizzled veteran enter the ranks and march from the barracks to join in the parade.
14. Several of the boys had torn their jackets before they realized the wisdom of taking an axe to chop away the branches at the quarry.
15. Though still dizzy the injured chauffeur who wore a quaint crimson cloak gave an exact description of the vanishing automobile.

Chapter XX—Special Signals

1. How does the Coast Guard indicate to you that "This is the best place to land"?
2. How does the Coast Guard indicate to you "Do not attempt to land"?
3. What does the American ensign when set Union down indicate?
4. One black ball shown from a steamer indicates what?
5. How does a motorboat indicate that she is in distress at night?
6. If you noticed a vessel flying the code flag "G" with a code pennant over it, what would you know this vessel desired?
7. What is the signal for a submarine in distress?
8. What is the signal for a submarine surfacing?
9. What is the significance of two red pennants hoisted one above the other?
10. What is the small craft warning?
11. What may be expected when two square red flags with black square centers are seen?
12. What is the storm signal for a whole gale?
13. What storm signal is used by night as a hurricane warning?
14. What is the day mark for a vessel of over 300 tons at anchor?
15. What is the day mark for a fishing vessel?
16. Give bell time for the following:
1. 12.30 o'clock
2. 3.00 o'clock
3. 4.00 o'clock
4. 6.00 o'clock
5. 7.30 o'clock
6. 8.00 o'cloc

Chapter XXI—Radio

1. What is the radio compass?
2. Name 5 uses of radio as applied to piloting or navigation.
3. What is a radio direction finder station?
4. List the steps in the procedure for making use of a radio direction finder station.
5. What is a radio beacon?
6. When do radio beacon stations operate (in normal times)?
7. What is a distance finding station?
8. Name the 6 sources of error in radio direction finding.

Chapter XXII—Weather

1. When there is an area of high pressure over the SE and a cold wave in the NW threatens, what kind of weather may be expected?
2. What is generally true of storms, which develop in the SW?
3. If there are marked changes in temperature in the SE and NW during the progress of storms what is likely to result?
4. If a storm east of the Rocky Mountains moves to the left of its normal track what is likely to follow?
5. When the wind sets in from points between S and SE and the barometer falls steadily what does it indicate?
6. With winds £ to NE, barometer 30.1 and above and falling slowly, what are the indications?
7. With the wind S to E, barometer 29.8 or below and falling rapidly, i· clearing or stormy weather to be expected?
8. What would be the barometer reading and direction of wind to expect fair weather for the next 1 or 2 days?
9. What should the barometer reading and wind direction be to expect warmer weather?
10. To expect clearing weather should the wind "veer" or "back"?
11. To expect foul weather should the wind "veer" or "back"?
12. When the force of the wind is referred to, how is it done?
13. What would a wind of Force 4 be?
14. What kind of weather is generally indicated by the following signs:
1. Cirrus clouds
2. Cumulus clouds
3. Red at sunrise
4. Red at sundown
5. Early morning fog
6. Rainbow
7. Heavy dew
8. Ring around the moon

Chapter XXIII—Safety At Sea

1. What are the requirements as to speed in fog?
2. On hearing "Man overboard," what is the first thing to do?
3. What is the fastest way of getting to a person who has fallen overboard?
4. Where should gasoline filler pipes be located?
5. What ventilation should be provided for engine rooms?
6. What precautions should be taken when filling gas tanks?
7. Where will dangerous concentrations of fumes lie, if present?
8. What fire fighting equipment might be useful, other than extinguishers?
9. What caution should be used in extinguishing fires with carbon tetrachloride?

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